Whether with family, friends, … <> x���oO�0��W�w��ɤ�>��'�-0���Z�� �m�4��"��ŨR�Z���������9���������p8�C�dh`�����vPi&4pzѝ֠�� The quality of well-being scale: Rationale for a single quality of life index. … Green L., Kreuter M. “Health Promotion as a Public Health Strategy for 1990s”. Health Decrease obesity, increase exercise Disability Handicap Ability Pain and Suffering Wellbeing Alienation/Isolation Social/Community / Cultural Connectedness Increased connectivity to school, … Larsen RJ, Eid M. Ed Diener and The Science of Subjective Well-Being. Steel P, Schmidt J, Schultz, J. May is Mental Health Awareness Month. Beatty, Ltd: Arlington; 1973. Tracking these conditions is important for public policy. Overall and domain specific life satisfaction. Utility-based measures are based on an individual or group’s preference for a particular state, and are typically anchored between 0 (death) to 1 (optimum health). The ability to improve the functioning of your body through healthy eating and … High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. 5. Lyubomirsky S, King L, Diener E. The benefits of frequent positive affect: does happiness lead to success? Material wealth and subjective well-being. 1 0 obj Ryff CD, Love GD, Urry LH, et al. Self-representations of general psychological well-being of American adults. Positivity. Hyattsville, MD: U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, national Center for Health Statistics, 1977. To … In: D Kahneman, E Diener, N Schwarz. The authors … What are some correlates of well-being at the national level? King LA. Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Occupation and job security. Kaplan RM, Anderson JP. Longitudinal studies have found that well-being is sensitive to life events (e.g., unemployment, marriage).60, 61 Additionally, genetic factors alone cannot explain differences in well-being between nations or trends within nations. However, in its broadest sense, well-being encompasses physical, mental, and social domains. 19, No. Social needs are important basic human needs. Seligman ME. Depending on which types of measures are used (e.g., life satisfaction vs. positive affect), age and gender also have been shown to be related to well-being. J Health Soc Res 2002;43(6):207-222. Development and validation of brief measure of positive and negative affect: the PANAS scales. 1, pp. They include: 1. et al. Well-being: the foundations of hedonic psychology. “Hedonic” well-being focuses on the “feeling” component of well-being (e.g., happiness) in contrast to “eudaimonic” well-being which focuses on the “thinking” component of well-being (e.g., fulfillment).35 People with high levels of positive emotions, and those who are functioning well psychologically and socially are described by some as having complete mental health, or as “flourishing.” 46. Intl J Comp Sociol 2002;43(3-5):391–408. endobj Deci EL, Ryan RM. Diener E, Scollon CN, Lucas RE. Data from the 2001 NHIS and Quality of Well-Being scale, a preference based scale which scores well-being between 0-1, found that males or females between the ages of 20–39 had significantly better well-being (scores ≥ 0.82) compared with males or females 40 years of age or older (scores >0.79). (eds. CDC twenty four seven. The structure of subjective well-being. stream Kahneman D, Krueger AB, Schkade DA, Schwarz N, Stone AA. Diener E, Lucas RE. Peer reports, observational methods, physiological methods, experience sampling methods, ecological momentary assessment, and other methods are used by psychologists to measure different aspects of well-being.42. Lucas RE, Clark AE, Georgellis Y, Diener E. Unemployment alters the set point for life satisfaction. International evidence linking good government and well-being. In: Eid M, Larsen RJ (eds.). <> Frey BS, Stutzer A. Happiness and economics. is key to staff wellbeing • Consider communication between (1) relatives/loved ones and health and social care staff; and (2) between relatives/loved ones and the patient (this will require innovation but … Close relationships and quality of life. When we have friends and family around us, we have people who can help … Ryff CD, Keyes CLM. <>>> Some studies support use of single items (e.g., global life satisfaction) to measure well-being parsimoniously. Background to this health needs assessment Recentralising the concept of health Health is broad and central to all public and third sector services: • Health is a state of complete mental, physical and social wellbeing – not merely the absence of disease (WHO, 1946) • “Health … This is so the local authority (local council) can gain a full picture of what kinds of care … The “what” and “why” of goal pursuit: Human needs and self-determination of behavior. Scientists are finding that our links to others can have powerful effects on our health. Social indicators of well-being. ��۹� sz�A'�t˙B=�4�3W{�H�D������� p�(X�Y�b�9�cû�-���"QLj���'0� Diener E, Seligman ME. As your child or young person moves forward with their learning, it is important that their mental, emotional, social and physical wellbeing is developed in a safe, caring, supportive, focused … New York: Oxford University Press; 2009. Diener E, Biswas-Diener R. Happiness: Unlocking the mysteries of psychological wealth. Wellbeing is strongly linked to happiness and life … Tier 1. Psychological well-being and ill-being: do they have distinct or mirrored biological correlates? But 50 percent of health outcomes are affected by socioeconomic factors … Social well-being is when we have good relationships, social stability and peace. Pleasant emotions are more closely associated with having supportive relationships.5. Good living conditions (e.g., housing, employment) are fundamental to well-being. Well-being is an outcome that is meaningful to the public. There are many others. In: D. Kahneman, E. Diener, and N. Schwartz (eds.). Keyes CLM. 13% of adults felt full of life all of the time in the past 30 days. A survey method for characterizing daily life: the day reconstruction method. Diener E, Suh EM, Lucas R, Smith H. Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress. Diener E, Oishi S,and Lucas RE. The use of both objective and subjective measures, when available, are desirable for public policy purposes.5, There are many well-being instruments available that measure self-reported well-being in different ways, depending on whether one measures well-being as a clinical outcome, a population health outcome, for cost-effectiveness studies, or for other purposes. In: M Eid, RJ Larsen (eds). The term, “positive mental health” calls attention to the psychological components that comprise well-being from the perspective of individuals interested primarily in the mental health domain. Fazio, A.F. The term social and emotional wellbeing is used by many Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people to describe the social, emotional, spiritual, and cultural wellbeing of a person. Some personality factors that are strongly associated with well-being include optimism, extroversion, and self-esteem.20, 62 Genetic factors and personality factors are closely related and can interact in influencing individual well-being. Family and other social support. What is the difference between health-related quality of life, well-being, flourishing, positive mental health, optimal health, happiness, subjective well-being, psychological well-being, life satisfaction, hedonic well-being, and other terms that exist in the literature? 35-49. Steger MF, Frazier P, Oishi S, Kaler M. The meaning in life questionnaire: Assessing the presence of and search for meaning in life. In: SR Walker, R Rosser (Eds.). Lucas RE, Clark AE, Georgellis Y, Diener E. Reexamining adaptation and the set-point model of happiness: Reactions to changes in marital status. NewYork: Plenum Press; 1976:63–106. A holistic approach to health should lead to improved provision of health services and care for people with disabilities, as professionals consider each person’s physical, mental and social needs. %PDF-1.5 Well-being is a valid population outcome measure beyond morbidity, mortality, and In: M Eid, RJ Larsen, (eds.). This will include health and social care provision, employment, education, social … What are some findings from these studies? New York: Crown Publishing; 2009. The paradox of declining female happiness. 3. There is a void in knowledge about the health, social, and economic well-being of chronically homeless women in Tucson, Arizona. In this rapid review we have described the broad range of veterans’ mental, physical and social health care needs, in addition to the factors that affect the health and wellbeing of veterans. Inglehart R. Gender, aging, and subjective well-being. New York: Springer; 2009. Where th… In: D Kahneman, E Diener, N Schwarz. endobj The association between emotional well-being and incidence of stroke in older adults. In: M Eid , RJ Larsen (eds). The reasons why well-being and related constructs should be measured and evaluating how these domains can be changed should help inform which domains (e.g., life satisfaction, positive affect, autonomy, meaning, vitality, pain) should be measured, and which instruments and methods to use.71. Barile JP, Reeve B, Smith AW, Zack MM, Mitchell SA, Kobau R, Cella D, Luncheon C, & Thompson WW. Wellbeing is not just the absence of disease or illness. endobj Beyond money. For example, well-being measures can be psychometrically-based or utility-based. In: RJ Larsen and M Eid, (Eds.). Eastern Oregon Coordinated Care Organization (EOCCO) and its partner, Greater Oregon Behavioral Health, Inc., (GOBHI) are honored to join our providers throughout Eastern Oregon and beyond in raising awareness and bringing understanding to the significant role that mental health has on one’s overall health … 2. The evolving concept of subjective well-being: the multifaceted nature of happiness. Watson D, Clark LA, Tellegen A. Health promotion activities aimed at strengthening such individual, environmental and social resources may ultimately improve well-being.24, 25. New York: Russell Sage Foundation; 2003:213–229. In summary, positive mental health, well-being and flourishing refer to the presence of high levels of positive functioning—primarily in the mental health domain (inclusive of social health). Numerous studies have examined the associations between determinants of individual and national levels of well-being. Well-being can provide a common metric that can help policy makers shape and compare the effects of different policies (e.g., loss of greenspace might impact well-being more so than commercial development of an area). %���� 30% of adults strongly agree that on most days they feel a sense of accomplishment from what they do. From this perspective, positive mental health is a resource, broadly inclusive of psychological assets and skills essential for well-being.24, 25 But, the latter generally excludes the physical component of well-being. Helliwell JF, Huang H. How’s your government? Defining mental health. Well-being, wellbeing, or wellness is the condition of an individual or group. High level wellness. Diener E, Emmons RA. Traditionally, health-related quality of life has been linked to patient outcomes, and has generally focused on deficits in functioning (e.g., pain, negative affect). A higher level of well-being means that in some sense the individual's or group's condition is more positive.According to Naci and Ioannidis, "Wellness refers to diverse and interconnected dimensions of physical, mental, and social well-being that extend beyond the traditional definition of health. New York, NY: Free Press; 2002. Advances in psychology, neuroscience, and measurement theory suggest that well-being can be measured with some degree of accuracy. It’s a complex combination of a person's physical, mental, emotional and social health factors. DHEW Publication No. Researchers from different disciplines have examined different aspects of well-being that include the following4, 34, 38, 39, 41-46: Because well-being is subjective, it is typically measured with self-reports.40 The use of self-reported measures is fundamentally different from using objective measures (e.g., household income, unemployment levels, neighborhood crime) often used to assess well-being. Kobau R, Sniezek J, Zack MM, Lucas RE, Burns A. Well-being assessment: an evaluation of well-being scales for public health and population estimates of well-being among U.S. adults. Well-being integrates mental health (mind) and physical health (body) resulting in more holistic approaches to disease prevention and health promotion.6 2. Positive emotions speed recovery from the cardiovascular sequelae of negative emotions. Diener E, Lucas R, Schimmack U, and Helliwell J. Well-Being for public policy. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing; 2008. In: D Kahneman , E Diener, N Schwarz (eds. Dupuy HJ (1978). Hanmer, et al. Vital and Health Statistics Series 2, No. World Health Organization. Veenhoven R. Sociological theories of subjective well-being. Mental, social, and physical well-being in New Hampshire, Oregon, and Washington:  Implications for public health research and practice, 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Mental health is a positive concept related to the social and emotional wellbeing of individuals and communities. Engagement between plan-making bodies and relevant organisations will help ensure that local strategies to improve health and wellbeing and the provision of the required health infrastructure are supported and considered in plans (including in the preparation of strategic policies for community facilities). Ostir GV, Markides KS, Peek MK, et al. Frederickson, B.L. The mental health continuum: from languishing to flourishing in life. Behavior, for example, influences about 30 percent of a person’s health. Emotional well-being predicts subsequent functional independence and survival. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, doi/10.1073/pnas.1011492107. Bradburn NM. Tov W, Diener E. The well-being of nations: Linking together trust, cooperation, and democracy. Data from the 2005 BRFSS found that about 8.6% of adults reported that they rarely/never received social and emotional support; ranging in value from 4.2% in Minnesota to 12.4% in the US Virgin Islands. Assessment of the needs of individuals is necessary before a plan can be developed to … 2 0 obj Ethnicity and culture. (1977). There is no consensus around a single definition of well-being, but there is general agreement that at minimum, well-being includes the presence of positive emotions and moods (e.g., contentment, happiness), the absence of negative emotions (e.g., depression, anxiety), satisfaction with life, fulfillment and positive functioning.4, 33-35 In simple terms, well-being can be described as judging life positively and feeling good.36, 37 For public health purposes, physical well-being (e.g., feeling very healthy and full of energy) is also viewed as critical to overall well-being. Access to nutritious foods. Wheeler et al, Employment, sense of well-being and use of professional services among women. A school’s behavioral health program works best when its implemented within a tiered framework. (, Argyle, M. Causes and correlates of happiness. With a growing population of older adults and the need for them … Health and wellbeing Physical activity is an essential part of a healthy lifestyle. Bann, C.M., Kobau, R., Lewis, M.A., Zack, M.M., Luncheon, C., and Thompson, W.W.  Development and psychometric evaluation of the public health surveillance well-being scale. This is what it will take: 1. Lykken D, Tellegen A. Happiness is a stochastic phenomenon. 1949. WHO Constitution. Schimmack U. Diener E, Lucas RE, Scollon CN. The independence of positive and negative affect. Available at: Breslow, L. Health measurement in the third era of public health. Ä��Y��;���L� ��n��h�AQNoӛү|P���]6���a^���7���z��d:O�i>_��h�cD��nI��EІ�@:� � =x2t"��n�*��F_���ђ��5�E��u�T���b~��)T�q��h�K�����d�bF�Ih Many of these studies have used different measures of well-being (e.g., life satisfaction, positive affect, psychological well-being), and different methodologies resulting in occasional inconsistent findings related to well-being and its predictors.37, 56 In general, life satisfaction is dependent more closely on the availability of basic needs being met (food, shelter, income) as well as access to modern conveniences (e.g., electricity). Schnittker J. Happiness and success: genes, families, and the psychological effects of socioeconomic position and social support. 15% of adults felt calm and peaceful all of the time in the past 30 days. Measuring, tracking and promoting well-being can be useful for multiple stakeholders involved in disease prevention and health promotion. Above are just a few of the social determinants of health that can affect your health and well being. 3 0 obj In general, associations between income and well-being (usually measured in terms of life satisfaction) are stronger for those at lower economic levels, but studies also have found effects for those at higher income levels.66 Paid employment is critical to the well-being of individuals by conferring direct access to resources, as well as fostering satisfaction, meaning and purpose for some.67 Unemployment negatively affects well-being, both in the short- and long-term.61, 65, 67, Having supportive relationships is one of the strongest predictors of well-being, having a notably positive effect.68, 69, Countries differ substantially in their levels of well-being.4, 70 Societies with higher well-being are those that are more economically developed, have effective governments with low levels of corruption, have high levels of trust, and can meet citizens’ basic needs for food and health.4, 5 Cultural factors (e.g., individualsm vs. collectivism, social norms) also play a role in national estimates of well-being.70, Some researchers suggest that many of the terms are synonymous, whereas others note that there are major differences based on which dimensions are independent and contribute most to well-being.37, 71 This is an evolving science, with contributions from multiple disciplines. Some general findings on associations between well-being and its associations with other factors are as follows: At the individual level, genetic factors, personality, and demographic factors are related to well-being. Diener E, Suh E, Oishi S. Recent findings on subjective well-being. Kobau R, Bann C, Lewis M, Zack MM, Boardman AM, Boyd R, Lim KC, Holder T, Hoff AKL, Luncheon C, Thompson W, Horner-Johnson W, Lucas RE. Costa PT, McCrae RR. When social needs are not satisfied, this can lead to mental and physical health problems. Over the years, for public health surveillance purposes, CDC has measured well-being with different instruments including some that are psychometrically-based, utility-based, or with single items: There is no sole determinant of individual well-being, but in general, well-being is dependent upon good health, positive social relationships, and availability and access to basic resources (e.g., shelter, income). Social Policy for Health and Wellbeing enables you to develop an in-depth understanding of how social policies impact upon the health and wellbeing of individuals and populations. Hird S. What is well-being? (eds.). Gallup researchers have found that Social Well-Being -- having strong relationships and love in your life -- is vital to your health, happiness, and even to your productivity at work. Satisfaction with emotional and social support. How does well-being relate to health promotion? <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> [PDF-1.4MB], Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Being able to follow their routines and continue to enjoy their interests will impact on a person's wellbeing as much as some physical factors, so it is important to remember to treat them as … 4 0 obj For example, positive emotions are heritable to some degree (heritability estimates range from 0.36 to 0.81), suggesting that there may be a genetically determined set-point for emotions such as happiness and sadness.26,27,57,58,59 However, the expression of genetic effects are often influenced by factors in the environment implying that circumstances and social conditions do matter and are actionable from a public policy perspective. 73. The Alliance and our strategic action networkof thousands of social sector leaders and partners are working to advance improved health care that is holistic, preventive, and focuses on the social determinants of health. Factors in the physical and social environment. Refining the relationship between personality and subjective well-being. Toward an economy of well-being. Well-being is a positive outcome that is meaningful for people and for many sectors of society, because it tells us that people perceive that their lives are going well. 19% of adults strongly agree that they are satisfied with their life. PDF Biswas-Diener RM. An exploration of the health and social wellbeing needs of looked after young people--a multi-method approach. Results from cross-sectional, longitudinal and experimental studies find that well-being is associated with. A setting that promotes social and emotional well-being and resilience is particularly important for students who face challenges at home or have a history of stressful or traumatic events in their youth, commonly referred to as Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs).Supporting students in this way can lead to better health … 7. h�����ꐀ� ���& �v���ZZ�B�v`�d':�̙u@ G�+ft��aJfDR��Cr�B]p���ʈ�2}*�nu��:�d�݊�&�R� C�-{mF,�i�QF��B�"�:t(�v@{Ѿ]J߶��N����dK�u�"�(lV{i��BA��յh��#*=͙P��hu�B%�ץ%�}��$GxRo�$LRvP��#�h?��([��(�����B��*�� F�fc�]}�-��So�h>��1F�w�2�������'���|�B�ж�}�ECµi�ʦ� \�N7z߲l� ���[ ���¿}��{z+� ��߇��Ш�,�o|̧$�#O�O�)�@��e�. Why is well-being useful for public health? Stevenson B, and Wolfers J. 1. A concurrent validational study of the NCHS General Well-Being Schedule. You will be subject to the destination website's privacy policy when you follow the link. New York, NY: Harper Perennial; 1991. The structure of psychologal well-being. Frederickson BL, Levenson RW. Paper presented at the American Public Health Association Meeting, Los Angeles, October, 1978. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social … Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Nes RB, Roysamb E, Tambs K, Harris JR, Reichborn-Kjennerud T. Subjective well-being: genetic and environmental contributions to stability and change. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press; 2002. Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion, First International Conference on Health Promotion, Ottawa, 21 November 1986 – WHO/HPR/HEP/95.1. Monitoring population health for Healthy People 2020:  Evaluation of the NIH PROMIS® Global Health, CDC Healthy Days, and Satisfaction with Life instruments. Many factors determine an individual’s health: Genetic, behavioral, medical, and social. ), Myers DG. Journal of Interprofessional Care: Vol. Some researchers have drawn from both perspectives to measure physical and mental well-being for clinical and economic studies. Our goal is to provide important gender-specific information and … Data from the 2005 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System found that 5.6% of US adults (about 12 million) reported that they were dissatisfied/very dissatisfied with their lives. Chicago: Aldine; 1969. Describe and evaluate the models and methods used to inform the … Based on 2008 Porter Novelli HealthStyles data. Subjective well-being typically refers to self-reports contrasted with objective indicators of well-being. 6. (HRA) 78-1347. It also recognises that a person’s social … In: E Diener (ed.). Personality and subjective well-being. In: D Kahneman, E Diener, N Schwarz (Eds.). A brief review of current literature and concepts. 11% of adults felt cheerful all of the time in the past 30 days. Addressing Mental Health/Social-Emotional Well-Being in a Tiered Framework. In: D Kahneman, E Diener, and N Schwartz (eds.). Psychometrically-based measures are based on the relationship between, and strength among, multiple items that are intended to measure one or more domains of well-being. Dunn HL. Interventions for enhancing subjective well-being: can we make people happier and should we? Kahneman D. Objective happiness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) cannot attest to the accuracy of a non-federal website. The associations between life satisfaction and health-related quality of life, chronic illness, and health behaviors among U.S. community-dwelling adults. Andrews FM, Withey SB. NHS Scotland; 2003. National differences in subjective well-being. In: M Eid, RJ Larsen (eds). 8. Social connections might help protect health and lengthen life. People are social creatures who are mutually dependent, relying on others for our well-being, just as they rely on us. To receive email updates about this page, enter your email address: Monograph Cdc-pdf Diener E, Emmons R, Larsen J, Griffin S. The Satisfaction with Life Scale. Early childhood social and physical environments, including childcare. Well-being is a valid population outcome measure beyond morbidity, mortality, and economic status that tells us how people perceive their life is going from their own perspective. Report of nationally representative values for the noninstitutionalized US adult population for 7 health-related quality of life scores. Health-related quality of life and health behaviors by social and emotional support: Their relevance to psychiatry and medicine. Language and other communication capabilities. Title Published; Nearly £1 million of PHA funding supporting communities across Northern Ireland: … Knowledge and understanding of the needs of individuals is fundamental to delivering effective health and social care. Strine TW, Chapman DP, Balluz LS, Mokdad AH. 4. Eid M. Measuring the Immeasurable: Psychometric modeling of subjective well-being data. Physical Well-Being. Saving Lives, Protecting People. National Bureau of Economic Research. CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. Identify and explain how the individuals health and social wellbeing needs were agreed and developed in an anti-discriminatory manner. CDC’s Health-Related Quality of Life Program has led an effort since 2007 to examine how well-being can be integrated into health promotion and how it can be measured in public health surveillance systems.55 A number of studies have examined the feasibility of existing scales for surveillance, including application of item-response theory to identify brief, psychometrically sound short-form(s) that can be used in public health surveillance systems.72,73 CDC and three states (OR, WA, NH) collected data using the Satisfaction with Life Scale and other well-being measures on the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System.74 CDC also led the development of overarching goals related to quality of life and well-being for the Healthy People 2020External initiative. What is CDC doing to examine and promote well-being? 9.8% of adults strongly agree that their life is close to their ideal. Kahneman D, Deaton A. The first stage in getting any social care is for the local authority to assess your needs, called a needs assessment. Beyond the hedonic treadmill: revising the adaptation theory of well-being. In: BA Sullivan, M Snyder, JL Sullivan (Eds.). In general, men and women have similar levels of well-being, but this pattern changes with age,63 and has changed over time.64 There is a U-shaped distribution of well-being by age—younger and older adults tend to have more well-being compared to middle-aged adults.65, The relationship between income and well-being is complex.4, 39, 65 Depending on which types of measures are used and which comparisons are made, income correlates only modestly with well-being. Csikszentmihalyi M. Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. The Department of Human Services is Oregon's main agency for helping Oregonians achieve wellbeing and independence through opportunities that protect, empower, respect choice and preserve dignity, … Ostir GV, Markides KS, Black SA. ), Diener E, Suh EM. The structure of psychological well-being revisited. While adolescents have a better chance of improving their health and well-being now more than ever, an estimated 1.2 million still die each year – mostly from preventable causes. Linking to a non-federal website does not constitute an endorsement by CDC or any of its employees of the sponsors or the information and products presented on the website. Health and Social Wellbeing Improvement News Health and Social Wellbeing Improvement News. Diener E. Assessing well-being: the collected works of Ed Diener. (2005). In contrast, well-being focuses on assets in functioning, including positive emotions and psychological resources (e.g., positive affect, autonomy, mastery) as key components. The term recognises that connection to land, culture, spirituality, family, and community are important to people and can impact on their wellbeing. What are some correlates and determinants of individual-level well-being? At Tier 1, an integrated team of school and community clinicians focus on the social-emotional and behavioral needs … http://www.who.int/mental_health/evidence/MH_Promotion_Book.pdf, http://www.who.int/healthpromotion/conferences/previous/ottawa/en/, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Mobilizing Action Toward Community Health (MATCH) project, CDC’s Healthy Days Measures Used in the America’s Health Rankings®, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Retrieved February 12, 2008 from.